Rank of Oda Nobunaga: A Historical Investigation

Introduction

The question of what rank Oda Nobunaga held during the Sengoku period in Japan is not as straightforward as it might seem. While Oda Nobunaga was indeed a daimyo, the term did not reflect an official rank during his lifetime. This article delves into the intricacies of the Japanese feudal system and the precise titles granted to Oda Nobunaga.

What Was Oda Nobunaga’s Role?

Oda Nobunaga was a prominent feudal lord during the Sengoku period. He held the title of daimyo, which translates to great lord. However, the use of the term 'daimyo' during Nobunaga’s lifetime was more informal and did not denote a formal rank. This article explains the complexities of rank classification in the Japanese feudal system and the specific titles granted to Oda Nobunaga.

Understanding the Japanese Feudal System

In the medieval Japanese class system, roles such as the eta (outcastes) and the samurai were fluid and not officially recognized ranks. The daimyo and samurai roles were similarly informal, with lords and warriors often claiming titles without official recognition from the central government.

The Imperial Court and Ashikaga Bakufu

The imperial court and the Ashikaga bakufu were the arbiters of official ranks. However, during Nobunaga's time, the assumption of titles often occurred without any formal recognition from the central government. Warlords and samurai would frequently declare themselves as holding titles such as Owari no Kami, Mikawa no Kami, and Sakyo no daibu, but these titles were typically low-ranking and easily claimed.

Imperial Court Titles

The term daimyo did not exist as an official rank during Oda Nobunaga's lifetime. The closest analog to a daimyo was the samurai, which was a term that held different connotations depending on the context.

Shogunate Titles

While Oda Nobunaga had no Shogunate titles, he was granted several court titles that reflected his growing influence and integration into the imperial hierarchy. These titles, while not official ranks, were highly prestigious in the realm of the aristocracy.

Oda Nobunaga’s Specific Titles

The titles officially bestowed upon Oda Nobunaga by the imperial court provide a clearer picture of his status and influence.

1. Kazusa no Suke (1573)
This was Nobunaga's first titled role and a significant one in historical texts. While of relatively low prestige, it marked him as a high-ranking official in the provincial administration.

2. Gon-dainagon (1574)
This title, meaning 'acting great counselor,' placed Nobunaga just below the elite ranks of imperial minister.

3. Ukone no Taisho (1574)
This title signified his role as the Chief Commander of the Guard Department, further enhancing his status within the imperial system.

4. Udaijin (1576)
Accepting the position of Udaijin solidified his place in the imperial hierarchy, making him the third highest position in the council of state, daijokan.

Conclusion

The titles and roles of Oda Nobunaga illustrate the complex interplay of power, influence, and recognition in the Japanese feudal system of the Sengoku period. While daimyo was a term reflective of his status, it did not equate to an official rank. Instead, his official titles reflect his growing influence and recognition by the imperial court.