The Evolution of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Counting in the Australian Census

The topic of counting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the Australian Census has a complex and significant history, deeply intertwined with the broader discussions surrounding constitutional recognition and the rights of Indigenous Australians. This article explores how the Australian Constitution changed in 1967 to allow for proper representation and recognition of these communities, providing a comprehensive overview of the legislative and historical context.

Understanding the Context

A significant part of Australian history involves the relationship between the government and its Indigenous peoples. Before the 1967 referendum, the Constitution of Australia contained specific provisions regarding the categorization of Aboriginal people in the census, a practice seen as derogatory and discriminatory by many.

Section 127 of the Constitution

Section 127 of the Constitution once stipulated that for the purposes of the census, 'aboriginal natives' should not be counted. This section was included due to negotiations between New South Wales and Victoria, ensuring that Queensland and Western Australia would not have disproportionately large representation in the parliament. This practice was reflective of broader issues of Indigenous representation, which were often seen as a form of colonial oversight rather than genuine inclusion.

The 1967 Referendum

The 1967 referendum was one of the most successful national campaigns in Australia's history. On 27 May 1967, Australians voted overwhelmingly to amend the Constitution to allow for the Commonwealth to make laws specifically for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and to count them in the census. This marked a significant shift in national discourse and policy towards the recognition and rights of Indigenous Australians.

Amending the Constitution

Two constitutional sections were altered: section 51 and section 127. Section 51 originally listed the legislative powers granted to the Federal Parliament, while Section 127 specifically excluded Aboriginal people from census countings. The elimination of section 127 was a major objective of both Indigenous and non-Indigenous advocacy groups, who sought to ensure a more accurate representation of the Indigenous population.

Constitutional Revisions

When the revised Constitution was implemented in 1901, section 127 had a significant impact. For instance, New South Wales and Victoria fought to ensure that Queensland and Western Australia would not gain additional seats in parliament due to their Indigenous populations. This practice was indeed similar to the controversial debates around illegal immigration in the United States, where the counting (or lack thereof) of certain populations can significantly affect political representation.

The Impact on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities

The 1967 referendum resulted in a 90% vote in favor of amending the Constitution. Every state voted in favor, with no state receiving a vote below 80%. This overwhelming support demonstrated a growing recognition of the importance of Indigenous rights and representation in Australia. Since 1967, all Australian censuses have included Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, leading to more accurate and meaningful data that can be used to inform policy and advocacy efforts.

Conclusion: The Ongoing Struggle for Recognition

The evolution of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander counting in the Australian census is a testament to the ongoing struggle for recognition and equal rights. While the 1967 referendum was a significant milestone, the fight for full constitutional recognition and meaningful representation continues. This history serves as a reminder of the importance of continued advocacy and awareness to ensure that Indigenous voices are heard and included in the decision-making processes that affect their lives.