Exploring the Oldest Classical Dance Form of India: Bharatanatyam

Bharatanatyam, the oldest classical dance form of India, is a rich and intricate art born from the ancient temples of Tamil Nadu. Originating over 2,000 years ago, this dance form has a continuous traceable existence through historical texts, sculptures, and cultural practices.

Origins and Historical Significance

Bharatanatyam is one of the eight recognized classical dance forms of India. It has its roots in the temples of Tamil Nadu, where it was traditionally performed by Devadasis, temple dancers. Its long history is documented in ancient texts and sculptures, particularly in the 2nd century CE Silappadikaram, an old Tamil epic. Statuary from the 6th to 9th centuries CE also indicates that Bharatanatyam was a highly developed art by the middle of the first millennium CE.

Features and Characteristics

Bharatanatyam is renowned for its:

Expression: The dance form combines elements of dance, music, and drama, making it a highly expressive art. This is achieved through intricate footwork, expressive hand gestures (mudras), and detailed facial expressions (abhinaya). Style and Technique: Bharatanatyam is characterized by its fixed upper torso, bent legs, and its bhramaribandham, or leg bend, which is an essential technique. The dance form also includes sadhas or basic postures and niyata hastas or fixed hand gestures. Cultural Impact: After India gained independence in 1947, Bharatanatyam became more prominent and widely accepted. Today, it is the most prevalent classical dance form in the country, with a global following.

The Evolution of Bharatanatyam

Originating from Sadir, the dance form was later renamed Bharatanatyam in 1932. The term Bharatanatyam comes from Bharata Muni, who wrote the ancient Indian treatise Natyashastra, and Natyam, which in Tamil means 'dance'. Some scholars argue that the name 'Bharata' refers to 'Bhava' (expression), 'Raga' (melody), and 'Taal' (beat).

The origins of Bharatanatyam trace back to the temple dancers or Devadasis, who would perform solo dances during temple rituals. This led to the alternative name 'Dasiattam'. The dance form evolved over centuries, with its techniques and expressions becoming more refined and codified.

Types of Banis and Dancers

Bharatanatyam contains different types of Banis, which are regional styles. These Banis can vary based on the regions of Tamil Nadu, each with its unique characteristics and techniques. The dancers who perform Bharatanatyam are known as dhobi or Dalda Attan, referring to their training and dedication to the art form.

Other Classical Dance Forms of India

While exploring Bharatanatyam, it's also worth learning about other classical dance forms of India:

Bharatanatyam Mohiniyattam Manipuri Kathak Kathakali Kuchipudi Sattriya Odissi

These dance forms, like Bharatanatyam, are still vibrant and evolving traditions, contributing to the rich cultural heritage of India.