How Should Strings Be Written for an Orchestra?

When crafting music for an orchestra, the strings form a crucial and often dominant section, much like the pasta in a rich and savory pasta dish. Understanding the unique roles and capabilities of each string instrument can significantly enhance the overall musical experience. This article delves into the nuances of writing for the string section, providing insights and practical advice for composers and arrangers.

Understanding the String Section

Historically, the string section of an orchestra mirrors a choir, with each instrument serving distinct yet interconnected roles. The first violins (1st violins) serve as the soprano voice, while the second violins (2nd violins) play the alto. The violas take on the tenor role, and the cellos and double basses (double-basses) fill the bass range. Prior to the time of Beethoven, it was customary for double basses to double the cellos one octave lower, giving rise to the term 'double bass.' While the proportions of instruments may vary over time and across different composers, the strings typically carry the most substantial and enduring melodic lines.

Emerging from Historical Stereotypes

Historically, the second violins were often perceived as less skilled than the first, leading to the phrase 'second fiddle.' However, contemporary performances and compositions have redefined these roles. Both 1st and 2nd violins, violas, and cellos each possess unique qualities that make them indispensable. The violas, sometimes referred to as "neither Arthur nor Martha," often play a supporting role but can also take center stage, especially in modern compositions.

Strategic Scoring Techniques

The key to effective string writing lies in utilizing a rich tapestry of musical techniques. Composers should consider how different sections of the string section interact and support each other, creating a cohesive and dynamic sound.

Harmonizing Techniques: A common and effective strategy is to have the violins, violas, and cellos move in harmony or even in octaves. The double basses can provide rhythmic support, playing either with accents or a walking line, resembling a jazz style especially when performed pizzicato (plucked strings). Particular Effect Utilization: Besides pizzicato, string instruments have a range of special effects available, such as bowing on the bridge or fingerboard, natural or artificial harmonics, and even using the wood of the bow instead of the hair. These effects should be used sparingly and only after proficient understanding and experimentation with normal bowing techniques.

Learning and Experience

To craft effective string arrangements, composers must study the scores and experience the music both visually and aurally. This involves getting a deep understanding of the range and tonal characteristics of each instrument. For instance, a romantic singing melody is best placed in the upper register of the first violins or in the tenor register of the cellos, while the violas can offer a rich, supportive layer. The double basses, with their independent voice, can also contribute to the overall harmony.

Conclusion

Writing for the string section in an orchestra requires a nuanced approach that respects the historical context while embracing modern interpretations. By understanding the unique roles of each instrument and utilizing strategic scoring techniques, composers can create powerful and inspiring works of music that resonate with audiences.