Comparing Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and Domenico Scarlatti: Complexity and Aesthetic Virtues

Introduction

When discussing the Baroque period's most influential and complex composers, one often mentions Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and Domenico Scarlatti. This article explores the intricacies of their compositions, the complexity of their works, and the aesthetic virtues that define each composer. While all three made significant contributions to the baroque period, they each approach music in distinctly different ways.

Comparing the Composers in Detail

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

Bach is widely known for the complexity of his scores, particularly due to his mastery of counterpoint and structural intricacies. His compositions are characterized by intricate counterpoint and harmonic depth, showcased in renowned works such as the Brandenburg Concertos and the Mass in B Minor.

Techniques

Employed advanced techniques like fugue variations and intricate thematic development

His works are rich and layered, demonstrating a high level of technical skill and emotional depth.

George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)

Handel's compositions, including operas, oratorios, and orchestral works, are complex but in a different manner. His works often prioritize emotional impact and accessibility. Unlike Bach, Handel focuses more on dramatic expression and orchestration, making his music more accessible and dramatic.

Techniques

Uses straightforward counterpoint and melody Focuses on dramatic expression and orchestration

Handel's music often achieves big effects with simple means, as highlighted by his contemporaries and successors, including Beethoven.

Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757)

Scarlatti is known for his innovative use of harmony and rhythm, particularly in his keyboard sonatas. His works are characterized by bold harmonic explorations and virtuosic passages, focused more on keyboard technique than intricate polyphony.

Techniques

Features bold harmonic explorations and virtuosic passages Focuses on keyboard technique

While his sonatas are innovative, they are generally less complex than Bach’s works in terms of counterpoint. Scarlatti's works are significant but less frequently discussed in the highest echelons of baroque complexity.

Erroneous Preconceptions

Common Myths and Misconceptions

It is important to address some misconceptions that often accompany discussions of these composers:

Shared Birth Date: Often wrongly assumed, all three composers were born in the same year (1685), but not on the same day, contrary to popular belief. Recognition of Scarlatti: Few would place Scarlatti among the top-tier Baroque composers without considering contemporaries such as Couperin, Rameau, Lully, Biber, and Corelli. Aesthetic Virtue of Complexity: Technical complexity is not an inherent aesthetic virtue. Bach's complexity is not unparalleled; works by composers such as Tallis, Josquin Des Prez, and Striggio showcase even greater technical intricacy. Aesthetic Virtue of Drama: While Handel’s prowess in achieving dramatic effects with simplicity is undeniable, Bach’s music places a strong emphasis on spirituality, which is a subjective and distinct quality.

The Role of Aesthetic Pleasure

Ultimately, the most important factor in evaluating music is pleasure. Music should be enjoyable and impactful, adhering to Horace's principle of being both dulce et utile (sweet and useful).

Handel's music often resonates on a more uplifting and accessible level. While Bach's sacred works can be rigorous and demanding, they also offer profound and moving experiences. Personal preference and historical context shape these opinions, but the pleasure derived from the music is central.